How to Prevent Cancer Essay - 772 Words

Cancer Prevention 1. Introduction There are many people in the world that are afraid of getting sick. People fear in developing fatal sickness in their lifetime. Cancer-the big C—will often top the list. Brody,H.(2011). Cancer Prevetion.Nature,471(7339). Patients that have been diagnosed with cancer and are using treatments such as radiation, chemotherapy and surgery have already had their cancer progressed. In order to avoid such conditions, people need to be pro active and often check themselves. In order to prevent and develop cancer it is recommended by cancer specialists to follow up with medical visits every so often. Although both male and female have potential of acquiring cancer. There are multiple ways one can prevent cancer†¦show more content†¦Low income, no access to medical services, and lack of poor communication with the public are reasons why people aren’t aware of cancer precautions. The question to be researched is how is the familiar is the public with strategies of cancer screening prevention? We are going to look at gender, socio economic status, and education. General screening guidelines suggested that women start screening for cancer at different ages depending on the case of cancer. Majority of women are not aware what age they should start to screen for cancer. Women without access of medical facilities due to lack of health care insurance, transportation and social barriers are more likely less than to get screened for cancers. People that do not have access to medical facilities would not be able to communicate regarding their health. Many women starting ages from 18 fail to get screened for cancer. According to the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) analyzed interviews with 5,589 adults in 2003, and most respondents were able to cite at least one or two prevention strategies for reducing their chances of acquiring cancer. The lowest numbers of strategies were presented by Hispanics that were 65 years or older and those with lowest income and education. People who cited the important strategies on reducing cancer are those who practice them. Those individuals proposed that healthy eating habits, exercising regularly, participating in cancer screening andShow MoreRelatedDNA Replicaiton Cause Cancer Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesCause Cancer I. Introduction As known today, cancer is one of the most lethal diseases in the world. Millions of people died every year caused by various type of cancer, but the concern is that what does really caused the cancer itself? Is it because of the lifestyle people have nowadays? Or because of environment that has changed? Or even sometimes because of the flaw in the replication of DNA? There are lots of probabilities to cause cancer. In this section, we will discuss about how does DNARead MoreEssay about Skin Cancer in Relation to the Ottawa Charter1339 Words   |  6 PagesSKIN CANCER Cancer is the second largest cause of death in Australia and accounts for approximately 27% of all deaths. Risk factors generally include exposure to sun, poor diet and smoking. Many types of cancer such as skin cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer are easily preventable by early detection and awareness; however, some cancers cannot be prevented. The National Skin Cancer Awareness Program represents the new public health approach. This is because it has been created to prevent andRead MoreSunscreen Hurting Vs. Helping1470 Words   |  6 Pagessunscreen to prevent a sunburn, you could actually be causing something much more harmful? Sunscreen has been around since 1928 in order to prevent the harsh ultraviolet-rays from the sun burning our skin and thus preventing skin cancer. In contrast, studies have shown that sunscreen has caused many people to contract skin cancer due to harsh chemicals added into the products. Sunscreen also prevents your body from absorbing Vitamin D. Mercola, the world s #1 natural health website discusses how Dr. WilliamRead MoreSunscreen And Its Effects On The Body1466 Words   |  6 Pagessunscreen to prevent a sunburn, you could actually be causing something much more harmful? Sunscreen has been around since 1928 in order to prevent the harsh ultraviolet-rays from the sun burning our skin and t hus preventing skin cancer. In contrast, studies have shown that sunscreen has caused many people to contract skin cancer due to harsh chemicals added into the products. Sunscreen also prevents your body from absorbing Vitamin D. Mercola, the world s #1 natural health website discusses how Dr. WilliamRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1714 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer The twentieth century has often been called and known as the cancer century. The reason being is that throughout the century, there have been more than a hundred types of cancer discovered across the world. In addition to the discovery of these many cancers, there has been an enormous medical effort to fight all kinds of cancer across the world. In the early decades of the century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease, resulting in a high number of deaths. Although manyRead MorePrevention Persuasive Essay : Cancer Prevention941 Words   |  4 PagesBiology B Cancer Prevention Persuasive Essay Everyday, an abundance of people ask what they can do to prevent themselves from especially getting cancer. Cancer, very similar to the steps of mitosis, occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. It starts by how a cell or a group of cells doesn’t follow the body’s typical growth controls. Cancer is hard to detect in the early stages due to the fact that it produces very few symptoms. Many rumors go around about what you can do to reduce cancer, but whatRead MoreCauses And Risk Of Breast Cancer1026 Words   |  5 PagesCauses risk of breast cancer Breast cancer is a disorder that mostly happens to women, as for men it is very rare. BRCA1 and BRCA2 work as DNA but when they are not replaced correctly it can lead to cancer. When BRCA1 and BRCA2 is mutated, or altered , such that its protein produced either is not made or doesn’t function correctly, DNA damage might no be repaired properly. When you have breast cancer you can also be at risk of lots of other cancers. The process of BRCA1 and BRCA2 usually happensRead MoreAmerican Cancer Society : A Community Based Health Organization1517 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Cancer Society The American Cancer Society is a nationwide, community-based health organization. It was founded as the American Society for the Control of Cancer in 1913 by ten doctors and five people led by Dr. Clement Cleveland in efforts to take the steps to prevent cancer (Eyre). In 1936, Marjorie Illig, a field representative and leader of a women’s public-health committee, suggested the group â€Å"wage a war on cancer.† The Women’s Field Army at this time raised money for the group andRead MoreOverview of Breast Cancer Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesIf you or a loved one were diagnosed with breast cancer, how would you feel? You would probably feel very afraid and worried. Breast cancer is a common and potentially deadly form of cancer that affects both men and women. There are risk factors for getting the disease and there are different types of treatment for people who have been diagnosed with the disease. There are also steps that people can take to try to preve nt getting breast cancer or at least catch it early. Luckily there are manyRead MoreThe Human Papillomavirus ( Hpv )1195 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica today. With infection rates only increasing every year, it is important to know how HPV can be prevented and treated. In this paper, there is a brief overview of how HPV replicates and what happens when the cell is infected. It will also look at methods to preventing HPV infection such as vaccines, safe sex and abstinence as well as ways to treat HPV when prevention fails including wart removal and cancer treatments. This paper will also discusses some of the signs and symptoms if any, that

Thanks giving speech Free Essays

Thanks giving speech At times our own light goes out and is rekindled by a spark from another person. Each of us has cause to think with deep gratitude of those who have lighted the flame within us. The time has come to express our gratitude to the persons who have kindled our life with care and affection. We will write a custom essay sample on Thanks giving speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now At first our sincere gratitude goes to his Excellency Mar Joseph Kohlrabies cam, Who always takes a special concern, affection and who executed this English coaching programmer, thank you dear Bishop. Next our gratefulness goes to FRR. Rejoin and FRR. Santos who were there from the beginning till end, did all the arrangement for the success of this event. Dear fathers from the bottom of our heart we really thank you. We are grateful to FRR. Francis Kampuchea who was always with us and showed the paternal care and affection throughout this event. Thank you father. We also remember Sir. Nancy S. H and Sir. Jean M. S. M. I Who gave special guidance and timely support for our Roth. Thank you. We specially remember all the teachers BRB. Lam, BRB. Raja, BRB. Sander,†¦ Abash Sir, Rashes Sir and Arnold Sir, Who took pain and patience to teach us and make this event more colorful one thank you dear teachers. Next our appreciation goes to all the fathers and the sisters who came over here to see our programmer and always support us with prayers, thank you dear fathers and sisters. We are indebted to you. Thanking one and all I remain thank you. How to cite Thanks giving speech, Papers

Team Leadership Paper free essay sample

Entering into a new market segment will be a particularly challenging project to implement into our current structure. Many factors will need to become more apparent when we attempt to initialize a set plan that suits not only the strategical needs of the organization but those of the employee’s involved. Instructing my team to use initiative and putting such faith in my individual members will be crucial for executing within a designated time frame so we can be ready for our new department to take off on its own. Each and every person involved within our new departmental team will be evaluated and then properly utilized in the implementation of the agreed upon plan. Understanding the way that my team thinks and the way they demonstrate such thoughts into positive outcomes will be of the essence. I had each of them take a Jungian Assessment which can assist me in regulating what role they should identify themselves with and then to adapt to that role according to the situation in question (Human Metrics, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Team Leadership Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My first team member is Latish Jenkins; she applies herself constantly in expressing her ideas and recommendations to complete assigned projects. It was determined that Latish is very organized, compulsive, private, trustworthy and practical. The assessment related those traits to a career as an office manager, accountant, business manager, tax agent and public servant. Latish would be most effective in the implementer role in constructing daily work plans and helping to ensure that those plans are effective in meeting our departmental goals (Merchant, 2014). Only negative affect I can foresee from this role is that if changes do have to be made then it may take more time for her to adapt to these changes due to her personality traits. The next member we will need to evaluate is Adegboyega, he is well liked by his members to produce an above quality experience for all who interact within the team or cross functionally across different departments. It was determined that Adegboyega is realistic, logical, analytical, decisive and has a natural head for business or mechanics. The assessment related those traits to a career as a corporate executive, medical technologist, curator, health-care administrator, teacher and dentist. Adegboyega would be most effective in the monitor-evaluator role where he would apply his critical thinking skills to assist in our decision making abilities that will secure a positive outcome (Merchant, 2014). Only negative affect this might have in our plans is slowing down our pace to efficiently conduct our plans in a timely manner. Our third member will be Richard; he has great knowledge on what we need to do as a team to accomplish certain goals without exhausting all of our resources. From the assessment it was determined that Richard is outgoing, unconventional and spontaneous. Richard would be most effective in the shaper role where he would bring a positive attitude towards all employee engagement and possess exceptional communication skills that will accommodate to motivating other employee’s (Merchant, 2014). Only negative affect this might have is that Richard may not contribute as much towards the productivity we are trying to attain. This could cause conflict among others even though Richard is still playing an important role in keeping everyone upbeat and enthused. I myself also took the assessment to evaluate where I could use improvement and just determine how I fit within my team. The assessment determined that I am people-oriented, creative and highly optimistic. I would be most effective in the coordinator role where I would listen to my entire team member’s in their opinions, ideas, problems and concerns. I would guide the activities of my team members and delegate the duties of what must be accomplished to be the best in class (Merchant, 2014). Negative effects that could come with this role is becoming too manipulative in directing my team, which could cause members to become futile. A process for culture change The process described below has been applied successfully in a number of organizations to bring about culture change (Thornbury, 2003). At a very high level, it consists of three phases: 1. The first phase is about establishing the starting point: fully understanding the existing culture of the organization. 2. The second phase is to do with setting the parameters for the culture to which the organization wishes to move. 3. The third phase is the ongoing process of organization development that supports the new culture and makes it a reality. If we can acknowledge that our current culture is ineffective we can modify the vision in which we as an organization can adequately relate to this particular market segment. Organizational or corporate culture covers many facets of organizational life, such as management styles, appraisals, rewards, and communication styles used by employees. If we can adjust too many varying styles of management, which includes myself, I believe that our control over this new market will be so strong that many competitors will attempt to become strategic partners. If this does evolve into new business partnerships then our leading edge towards new and improved innovation will be the benchmark for other corporations to follow. Not only will we be a leader in our distinct business sector but we will be the foundation for others to follow. There are many leadership theories that we can use to approach certain individuals and situations depending on what constraints we must overcome to efficiently and effectively manage. The Path-Goal model is a leadership theory that says the leader’s job is to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide direction or support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the goals of the group or organization (Robbins Coulter, 2012). Most of my current team members believe in goal attainment for themselves, the team and the organizational as a whole. As the leader I must adjust to the environment and follow four behaviors that must be adapted to the certain situations (Robbins Coulter, 2012). Directive leader: Lets subordinates know what’s expected of them, schedules work to be done, and gives specific guidance on how to accomplish tasks. Supportive leader: Shows concern for the needs of followers and is friendly. Participative leader: Consults with group members and uses their suggestions before making a decision. Achievement oriented leader: Sets challenging goals and expects followers to perform at their highest level. If these behaviors are upheld with the highest respect for the individual, team and the organization then there will be no error that can’t be resolved. The decision made on what behavior to apply is crucial and can produce flaws with the system if done incorrectly. Say for instance you are being more directive towards an individual team member when they are seeking for more support. It will make that employee believe that you don’t care about their needs and may become hostile towards myself, the team and the organization. Through our continued efforts to support each other in accomplishing not only our individual goals but those of the company also, we will build relationships that can produce some of the most productive results that will thrive throughout the organization. With my own insistent attempts to being the most creative leader that I can be, with the strong team that I have will only continue to prosper. There will always be room for error but when we do come across such errors we will make sure to use those as an educational tool to properly adjust and then lead the way for continued success.

SACHIN TENDULKAR free essay sample

Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar AM (i/səˈtÊÆ'É ªn tÉ›nˈduË lkÉ™r/; born 24 April 1973)[1] is an Indian cricketer widely acknowledged as the greatestbatsman in cricket today.[2] In 2002, Wisden Cricketers Almanack ranked him the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind Don Bradman, and the second greatest one-day-international (ODI) batsman of all time, behind Viv Richards.[3] Tendulkar was a part of the 2011 Cricket World Cup winning Indian team in the later part of his career, his first such win in six World Cup appearances for India.[4] He was also the recipient of Player of the Tournament award of the 2003 Cricket World Cup held in South Africa. Tendulkar won the 2010 Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy for cricketer of the year at the ICC awards.[5] He has been recommended for the receipt of the Bharat Ratna award, in fact it has been speculated that the criteria for the award of the Bharat Ratna were changed to allow him receive the award. We will write a custom essay sample on SACHIN TENDULKAR or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [6][7] He is also a member of Rajya Sabha of Parliament of India.[8] Tendulkar passed 30,000 runs in international cricket on 20 November 2009. On 5 December 2012, Tendulkar became first batsman in history to cross the 34,000 run aggregate in all formats of the game put together.[9][10][11] At 36 years and 306 days, he became the first ever player to score a double-century in the history of ODIs. Two years later he became the first player to score 100 international centuries.[12] As of October 2013, Tendulkar has played 662 matches in international cricket.[13] On 5 October 2013,Sachin Tendulkar became the 16th player and first Indian to aggregate 50,000 runs in all recognised cricket (First-class cricket, List A cricket and Twenty20 combined). Amitabh Harivansh Bachchan (IPA: [É™mÉ ªÃ‹Ë†taË bÊ ± ˈbÉ™ttÊÆ'É™n]; born 11 October 1942) is an Indian film actor. He first gained popularity in the early 1970s as the angry young man of Hindi cinema, and has since appeared in over 180 Indian films in a career spanning more than four decades.[1][2]Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of Indian cinema.[3][4][5] So total was his dominance of the movie scene in the 1970s and 1980s that the French director Franà §ois Truffaut called him a one-man industry.[6] Bachchan has won many major awards in his career, including three National Film Awards as Best Actor (a record he shares with Kamal Hassan andMammootty), a number of awards at  international film festivals and award ceremonies and fourteen Filmfare Awards. He is the most-nominated performer in any major acting category at Filmfare, with 39 nominations overall. In addition to acting, Bachchan has worked as a playback singer, film producer and television presenter. He also had a stint in politics in the 1980s. The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri in 1984 and the Padma Bhushan in 2001 for his contributions towards the arts. Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (i/ˈrÉ‘Ë dÊ’iË v ˈÉ ¡Ã‰â€˜Ã‹ ndiË /; 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was the sixth Prime Minister of India, serving from 1984 to 1989. He took office after the 1984 assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, his mother, to become the youngest Indian premier. A scion of the politically powerful Nehru–Gandhi family associated with the Indian National Congress party, for much of Rajivs childhood his grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru was prime minister. For his college education, he went to Britain where he met and began dating Antonia Maino, an Italian waitress. Rajiv returned to India in 1966 and became a professional pilot for the state-owned Indian Airlines. In 1968, he married Maino—who would subsequently change her name to Sonia Gandhi—and the couple settled down in Delhi to a happy domestic life with their children Rahul andPriyanka. Although for much of the 1970s his mother was prime minister, and his brother Sanjay wielded significant unofficial power, Rajiv remained apolitical. However, Sanjays death in a plane crash in 1980, Rajiv reluctantly entered politics at the behest of Indira. The following year he won from his brothers Amethi seat and became a member of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament). As part of his political grooming, Rajiv was made a general secretary of the Congress and given significant responsibility in organising the 1982 Asian Games. Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962[1] – February 1, 2003) was born in Karnal, India. She was the first Indian-American astronaut[2] and first Indian woman in space.[3] She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. In 2003, Chawla was one of the seven crew members killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Chawla joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in March 1995 and was selected for her first  flight in 1996. She spoke the following words while traveling in the weightlessness of space, You are just your intelligence. She had traveled 10.67 million km, as many as 252 times around the Earth. Her first space mission began on November 19, 1997 as part of the six-astronaut crew that flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. Chawla was the first Indian-born woman and the second Indian person to fly in space, following cosmonaut Rakesh Sharma who flew in 1984 in a spacecraft. On her first mission, Chawla traveled over 10. 4 million miles in 252 orbits of the earth, logging more than 372 hours in space. During STS-87, she was responsible for deploying the Spartan Satellite which malfunctioned, necessitating a spacewalk by Winston Scott and Takao Doi to capture the satellite. A five-month NASA investigation fully exonerated Chawla by identifying errors in software interfaces and the defined procedures of flight crew and ground control. After the completion of STS-87 post-flight activities, Chawla was assigned to technical positions in the astronaut office to work on the space station, her performance in which was recognized with a special award from her peers. Rabindranath TagoreÃŽ ²[†º] pronunciation (help ·info) (Bengali: à ¦ °Ã  ¦ ¬Ã  §â‚¬Ã  ¦ ¨Ã  § Ã  ¦ ¦Ã  § Ã  ¦ °Ã  ¦ ¨Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦ ¥ à ¦  Ã  ¦ ¾Ã  ¦â€¢Ã  § Ã  ¦ °) (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941),ÃŽ ³[†º] sobriquet Gurudev,ÃŽ ´[†º] was aBengali polymath who reshaped his regions literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse,[2] he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.[3] In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his elegant prose and magical poetry remain largely unknown outside Bengal.[4] Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern South Asia.[5 ][6][7] A Pirali Brahmin[8][9][10][11] from Calcutta, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.[12] At age sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym BhÄ nusiá ¹Æ'ha (Sun Lion), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics.[5][13] He graduated to his first short stories and dramas—and the  aegis of his birth name—by 1877. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and strident anti-nationalist he denounced the Raj and advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy endures also in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.[14] Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal. Gitanjali (Song Offering s), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as national anthems: Indias Jana Gana Mana and Bangladeshs Amar Shonar Bangla.

A Sample of Reflective Essay on Memo

A Sample of Reflective Essay on MemoHave you ever wondered if a sample of reflective essay on memo can help you ace your student's test? Do you know how to improve your score on a college application essay? Here is how.The best essay for any test will be a reflection of your beliefs, knowledge, and experience. Do you remember the essay sections on history, government, religion, family, sex, race, and other subjects in high school? Reflecting about these subjects in your college application is a way to show off the things that you learned in these subjects. You are doing this by writing your own sample of reflective essay on memo.This paper is going to be a test of your knowledge about the topics of your personal experiences. The more personal your essay on memo is, the better you will do. This is one of the best ways to improve your grade because a higher score means that you think about the subject matter and you actually have an understanding of it.By writing the paper, you are dem onstrating that you are interested in learning more about the subject. A reflection on memo gives you the information needed to show this interest. It also shows that you took the time to learn more about the topic. Students who have a good reflection on memo do so because they want to find a solution to the problem at hand.Now that you have taken the time to reflect on your own essay on the memo, you are ready to turn it into a reflection on the test. Write the first paragraph in such a way that you get your point across. This is the area where you can show how well you wrote your essay.You need to use your sample of reflective essay on memo to show you made good sentence choices. Make sure that you capture the reader's attention and get them interested in what you have to say. Most students have trouble with this aspect of writing a great essay, so you should really work on it.If you are going to apply for college at a university or college, you need to reflect on your college ess ay as often as possible. There are many sources where you can go for tips and tricks about writing a reflective essay on the memo.

Timeline of Indias Mughal Empire

Timeline of Indias Mughal Empire The Mughal Empire stretched across most of northern and central India, and what is now Pakistan, from 1526 to 1857, when the British exiled the last Mughal emperor. Together, the Muslim Mughal rulers and their predominantly Hindu subjects created a golden age in Indian history, full of art, scientific achievement, and stunning architecture. Later in the Mughal period, however, the emperors faced increasing encroachment by the French and the British, which ended with the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1857. Timeline of Mughal India April 21, 1526: First Battle of Panipat, Babur defeats Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan of Delhi, and founds Mughal EmpireMarch 17, 1527: Battle of Khanwa, Babur conquers the combined army of the Rajput princes and takes control of much of northern IndiaDec. 26, 1530: Babur dies, is succeeded by son HumayanJuly 11, 1543: Pashtun leader Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayan, drives him into exile in Afghanistan1554: Humayan travels to Persia, hosted by Safavid emperorJuly 23, 1555: Discord among Sher Shah Suris successors allows Humayun to retake control of northern India, be restored to Mughal throneJan. 17, 1556: Humayan falls down stairs and dies, succeeded by 13-year-old son Akbar, later Akbar the GreatNov. 5, 1556: Second Battle of Panipat, child Emperor Akbars army defeats Hemus Hindu forces1560s - 1570s: Akbar consolidates Mughal rule over much of northern and central India, as well as what is now Pakistan and BangladeshOct. 27, 1605: Akbar the Great dies, succeeded by his son Jahangir1613: The British East India Company defeats Portuguese at Surat, Gujarat State and establishes the  first warehouse in India 1615: Britain sends the first ambassador, Sir Thomas Roe, to Mughal court1620s: Mughal art reaches a high point under Jahangirs rule1627: Emperor Jahangir dies, succeeded by son Shah Jahan1632: Shah Jahan orders destruction of newly-built Hindu temples, breaking with Mughal record of religious tolerance1632: Shah Jahan designs and begins building Taj Mahal as a tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal1644: British East India Company builds Fort St. George in Madras (now Chennai), southeast coastal India1658: Aurangzeb imprisons his father, Shah Jahan, for the rest of his life in the Red Fort at Agra1660s-1690s: Aurangzeb expands Mughal rule to more than 3.2 million square km, including Assam, the Deccan plateau, and parts of southern India1671: Aurangzeb orders construction of the Badshahi Mosque at Lahore, now in Pakistan1696: Establishment of British East India Companys Fort William on Ganges delta, fort and trading factory which becomes Calcutta (Kolkata)March 3, 1707: Death of Au rangzeb marks the end of Mughal Golden Era, beginning of slow decline; he is succeeded by son Bahadur Shah I Feb. 27, 1712: Bahadur Shah I dies, succeeded by incompetent son Jahandar ShahFeb. 11, 1713: Jahandar Shah is executed by agents of nephew Farrukhsiyar, who takes the Mughal throne1713 - 1719: Weak-willed Emperor Farrukhsiyar falls under the control of Syed brothers, two generals and king-makers who had helped depose Jahandar ShahFeb. 28, 1719: Syed brothers have Emperor Farrukhsiyar blinded and strangled; his cousin Rafi ud-Darjat becomes new Mughal emperorJune 13, 1719: 19-year-old Emperor Rafi ud-Darjat is murdered at Agra after just three months on the throne; Syeds appoint brother Rafi ud-Daulah to succeed himSept. 19, 1719: Syeds kill 23-year-old Emperor Rafi ud-Daulah after three months on the throneSept. 27, 1719: Syed brothers place 17-year-old Muhammad Shah on Mughal throne and rule in his name until 1720Oct. 9, 1720: Emperor Muhammad Shah orders Syed Hussain Ali Khan killed at Fatehpur SikriOct. 12, 1722: Emperor Muhammad Shah has Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha poisoned to dea th, takes power in his own right 1728 - 1763: Mughal-Maratha Wars; Marathas seize Gujarat and Malwa, raid DelhiFeb. 13, 1739: Nader Shah of Persia invades India, wins Battle of Karnal, loots Delhi, steals Mughal Peacock ThroneMarch 11, 1748: Battle of Manipur, Mughal Army defeats Durrani invasion force from AfghanistanApr. 26, 1748: Emperor Muhammad Shah dies, succeeded by 22-year-old son Ahmad Shah BahadurMay  1754: Battle of Sikandarabad, Marathas defeat Mughal Imperial Army, kill 15,000 Mughal troopsJune 2, 1754: Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur deposed and blinded by Vizier Imad-ul-Mulk; former emperor spends rest of life in prison, dying in 1775June 3, 1754: Imad-ul-Mulk appoints Alamgir II, the 55-year-old second son of Jahandar Shah, as the new Mughal Emperor1756: British make lurid charges about imprisonment and death of 123 British and Anglo-Indian troops by Bengali captors in Black Hole of Calcutta; story likely fabricatedNov. 29, 1759: Imad-ul-Mulk and Maratha ruler Sadashivrao Bhau conspire to murder Alamgir II, place Aurangzebs grandson Shah Jahan III on Mughal throne Oct. 10, 1760: Shah Jahan III deposed after less than a year, but survives until 1772; succeeded by Alamgir IIs son, Shah Alam IIOct. 1760 - 1806: Emperor Shah Alam II, in alliance with Durranis, works to restore the glory of Mughal EmpireOct. 23, 1764: Battle of Buxar, British East India Company defeats the combined army of Emperor Shah Alam II and the nawabs of Awadh and BengalNov. 19, 1806: Emperor Shah Alam II dies, marking the end of effective leadership from Mughal Dynasty; he is succeeded by hapless son Akbar Shah II, who is a puppet of the BritishSept. 28, 1837: Akbar Shah II dies at age of 77, succeeded as a puppet ruler by son Bahadur Shah II1857: Use of pork and/or beef fat on army cartridges sets off the Sepoy Mutiny or Indian Revolt1858: British use Indian Revolt of 1857 as the pretext to exile last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, to Rangoon, Burma; Mughal dynasty ends

The Diet of the First Colonists in the Americas

The Diet of the First Colonists in the Americas The Kelp Highway Hypothesis is a theory concerning the original colonization of the American continents. Part of the Pacific Coast Migration Model, the Kelp Highway proposes that the first Americans reached the New World by following the coastline along Beringia and into the American continents, using edible seaweeds as a food resource. Revising Clovis First For the better part of a century, the main theory of human population of the Americas was that Clovis big game hunters came into North America at the end of the Pleistocene along an ice-free corridor between ice sheets in Canada, about 10,000 years ago. Evidence of all kinds has shown that theory to be full of holes. The ice free-corridor wasnt open.The oldest Clovis sites are in Texas, not Canada.The Clovis people were not the first people into the Americas.The oldest pre-Clovis sites are found around the perimeter of North and South America, all dating between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago. Sea level rises have inundated the coastlines that the colonizers would have known, but there is strong evidentiary support for the migration of people in boats around the Pacific rim. Even though their landing sites are likely submerged in 50–120 meters (165–650 feet) of water, based on the radiocarbon dates of what would have been inland sites, such as Paisley Caves, Oregon and Monte Verde in Chile; the genetics of their ancestors, and perhaps the presence of a shared technology of stemmed points in use around the Pacific Rim between 15,000–10,000, all support the PCM. Diet of the Kelp Highway What the Kelp Highway Hypothesis brings to the Pacific Coast Migration model is a focus on the diet of the purported adventurers who used the Pacific coast to settle North and South America. That diet focus was first suggested by American archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues beginning in 2007. Erlandson and colleagues proposed that the American colonizers were people who used using tanged or stemmed projectile points to rely on an abundance of marine species such as marine mammals (seals, sea otters, and walruses, cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), seabirds and waterfowl, shellfish, fish, and edible seaweeds. Supporting technology required to hunt, butcher and process marine mammals, for example, must have included seaworthy boats, harpoons, and floats. Those different food resources are found continuously along the Pacific Rim: so as long as the earliest Asians to start out on the journey around the rim had the technology, they and their descendants could use it from Japan to Chile. Ancient Art of Sea Faring Although boat-building was long considered a fairly recent capability- the oldest excavated boats are from Mesopotamia- scholars have been forced to recalibrate that. Australia, separated from the Asian mainland, was colonized by humans at least 50,000 years ago. The islands in western Melanesia have settled by about 40,000 years ago, and Ryukyu islands between Japan and Taiwan by 35,000 years ago. Obsidian from Upper Paleolithic sites in Japan has been sourced to Kozushima Island- three and a half hours from Tokyo by jet boat today- which means that the Upper Paleolithic hunters in Japan went to the island to obtain the obsidian, in navigable boats, not just rafts. Peopling the Americas The data on archaeological sites scattered around the perimeters of the American continents include ca. 15,000-year-old sites in places as widespread as Oregon, Chile, the Amazon rainforest, and Virginia. Those similarly aged hunter-gatherer sites dont make much sense without a coastal migration model. The proponents suggest that beginning somewhere between 18,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers from Asia used the Pacific rim to travel, reaching North America by 16,000 years ago, and moving along the coast, reaching Monte Verde in southern Chile within 1,000 years. Once people reached the Isthmus of Panama, they took different paths, some northward up the Atlantic coast of North America and some southward along the Atlantic South American coastline in addition to the pathway along Pacific Southern American coast that led to Monte Verde. The proponents also suggest that Clovis large-mammal hunting technology developed as a land-based subsistence method near the Isthmus before 13,000 years ago, and spread back upward into southern-central and southeastern North America. Those Clovis hunters, descendants of Pre-Clovis, in turn, spread northward overland into North America, eventually meeting the descendants of the Pre-Clovis in the northwestern United States who used Western Stemmed points. Then and only then did Clovis colonize the finally truly Ice-Free Corridor to mingle together in eastern Beringia. Resisting a Dogmatic Stance In a 2013 book chapter, Erlandson himself points out that the Pacific Coast Model was proposed in 1977, and it took decades before the possibility of the Pacific Coast migration model was seriously considered. That was because, says Erlandson, the theory that Clovis people were the first colonists of the Americas was dogmatically and emphatically considered received wisdom. He cautions that the lack of coastal sites makes much of the theory speculative. If hes right, those sites are submerged between 50 and 120 m below mean sea level today, and as a result of Global Warming sea levels are rising, so without new undreamt-of technology, it is unlikely that we will ever be able to reach them. Further, he adds that scientists should not simply replace received-wisdom Clovis with received-wisdom pre-Clovis. Too much time was lost in battles for theoretical supremacy. But the Kelp Highway Hypothesis and the Pacific Coast Migration Model are a rich source of investigation for determining how people move into new territories. Sources Erlandson, Jon M. After Clovis-First Collapsed: Reimagining the Peopling of the Americas. Paleoamerican Odyssey. Eds. Graf, Kelly E., C.V. Ketron, and Michael R. Waters. College Station: Center for the Study of the First Americans, Texas AM, 2013. 127–32. Print.Erlandson, Jon M., and Todd J. Braje. From Asia to the Americas by Boat? Paleogeography, Paleoecology, and Stemmed Points of the Northwest Pacific. Quaternary International 239.1 (2011): 28–37. Print.Erlandson, Jon M., et al. Ecology of the Kelp Highway: Did Marine Resources Facilitate Human Dispersal from Northeast Asia to the Americas? The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 10.3 (2015): 392–411. Print.Erlandson, Jon M., et al. The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2.2 (2007): 161–74. Print.Graham, Michael H., Paul K. Dayton, and Jon M. Erlandson. Ice Ages and Ecological Trans itions on Temperate Coasts. Trends in Ecology Evolution 18.1 (2003): 33–40. Print. Schmitt, Catherine. Maines Kelp Highway. Maine Boats, Homes Harbors Winter 2013.122 (2013). Print.